Artificial Intelligence (AI) is now prevalent in all technology domains, including instrumentation and measurement (I&M). In recent years, public discourse and media attention have largely centered on generative AI, particularly Large Language Models (LLMs), driven by the popularity of tools like ChatGPT and other chatbots. However, AI extends far beyond just LLMs.

Machine learning, deep learning, reinforcement learning, evolutionary computation, and logic are now routinely used in I&M systems for measurement, detection, tracking, monitoring, characterization, identification, sensing, estimation, recognition, or diagnosis of physical phenomena.